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Clinically relevant suicide research

A curated, plain-language index of the available research — spanning 1897 to 2026.

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Date

Summary

2026

Pharmacological and Neuromodulatory Treatments for Suicidality: A 2026 Updated Review

This 2026 review examines pharmacological and neuromodulatory treatments for suicidality, framed through the "brake and accelerator" model of neural circuitry and inflammatory dysregulation. It highlights evidence for lithium in bipolar disorder, clozapine in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, rapid-acting (es)ketamine, and electroconvulsive therapy, advocating precision approaches distinguishing acute crisis relief from long-term risk reduction in personalized suicide prevention care.

Treatment & Intervention

Citation

Medeiros, G. C., Baruzzi, M. M., Beiram, L., Roncete, G. P., de Figueiredo, L. L., Nery, L. de D. M., Cacciacarro, M. F., Zanetti, M. V., & Damiano, R. F. (2026). Pharmacological and neuromodulatory treatments for suicidality: A 2026 updated review. Psychiatric Annals, 56(5), e115–[end page not visible]. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20260313-05

2025

Suicide Prevention Interventions in Schools: Assessing the Evidence Base

Systematic review of 15 school-based programs from 2008-2022. Found 10 interventions (71%) showed improvements. Signs of Suicide had moderate evidence. Key components: suicide awareness, mental health education, emotional coping, social connectedness. YAM more cost-effective than QPR.

School-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Marshall, T., Wells, M., Heron, T., & Jackson, A. W. (2025). Suicide prevention interventions in schools: Assessing the evidence base. Psychiatric Services, Online First.

2024

Suicide in individuals with eating disorders who had sought mental health treatment in England: a national retrospective cohort study

National study of suicide characteristics in people with eating disorders. Found clinical complexity with high self-harm and comorbidity rates. Many had lengthy service histories. Most assessed as low suicide risk at last contact, illustrating 'low-risk paradox' and risk assessment limitations.

Co-occurring ConditionsScreening & AssessmentSelf-Harm

Citation

Hercus, C., Baird, A., Ibrahim, S., Turnbull, P., Appleby, L., Singh, U., & Kapur, N. (2024). Suicide in individuals with eating disorders who had sought mental health treatment in England: A national retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 11(8), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00155-1

2024

CDC Guidance for Communities Assessing, Investigating and Responding to Suicide Clusters, United States, 2024

This guidance addresses the response to suicide clusters, which are defined as a group of suicides or attempts closer in time and/or space than normally expected. It's estimated that 1–2% of teen suicides in the U.S. are part of a cluster.

Contagion & MediaPostvention & LossYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z., Ballesteros, M. F., Trinh, E., Stone, D. M., & Crosby, A. E. (2024). CDC guidance for community response to suicide clusters, United States, 2024. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 73(2), 17–26.

2024

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health Conditions and Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2023

The first national figures on adverse childhood experiences reported by US high school students themselves rather than by their parents, from the 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. About three in four students reported at least one adverse experience and about one in five reported four or more, most commonly emotional abuse. The share of outcomes statistically attributable to those experiences was highest for suicide attempts at 89% and for seriously considering suicide at 85% — which is the report's case for treating prevention of childhood adversity as suicide prevention.

School-BasedYouth & AdolescentsAuto-summarized

Citation

Swedo, Elizabeth & Pampati, Sanjana & Kayla, Nakia & Thorne, Evelyn & McKinnon, Izraelle & Brener, Nancy & Stinson, Joi & Mpofu, Jonetta & Niolon, Phyllis. (2024). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health Conditions and Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2023. MMWR supplements. 73. 39-50. 10.15585/mmwr.su7304a5.

2023

The Case for Universal Screening for Suicidal Risk in Adolescents

This commentary argues for universal suicide risk screening in adolescents, challenging the US Preventive Services Task Force's conclusion that evidence is insufficient. The authors present four key arguments: (1) validated screening measures exist (Ask Suicide-Screening Questions, CASSY) that accurately predict suicidal behavior, (2) screening causes no iatrogenic effects, (3) depression screening already implicitly screens for suicide risk, and (4) universal screening identifies at-risk youth who would otherwise be missed. They advocate implementing brief suicide screening alongside anxiety and depression screening in all clinical settings, paired with safety planning and mental health linkage.

Screening & AssessmentYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Bridge, J. A., Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. A. (2023). The case for universal screening for suicidal risk in adolescents. Pediatrics, 151(6), e2022061093. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-061093

2023

Three Principles to Improve Outcomes for Children and Families.

This Harvard report explains three principles based on brain science that help children and families succeed. First, support caring relationships between children and adults. Second, help children and adults build important life skills like planning, focusing, and controlling impulses. Third, reduce stress in families' lives by helping them meet basic needs and removing barriers. These principles work together - progress on one makes the others easier. The report shows how policies and programs can use these ideas to improve outcomes for children.

Clinical TrainingSocial DeterminantsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Center for the Developing Child. (2023). Three Principles to Improve Outcomes for Children and Families. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/three-early-childhood-development-principles-improve-child-family-outcomes/.

2023

A national survey of doctoral psychology education and training in suicide risk and violence risk assessment and management

A national survey examined suicide and violence risk assessment training in doctoral psychology programs. Most programs provided formal training, but many students wanted more. Commonly used tools included C-SSRS, SBQ-R, and HCR-20. Results suggest a need for standardized, competency-based training to prepare psychologists for risk assessment.

Clinical TrainingScreening & Assessment

Citation

Kleespies, P. M., Feinman, A., AhnAllen, C. G., Hausman, C., Thach, T., Woodruff, J., Loomis, S., & Bongar, B. (2023). A national survey of doctoral psychology education and training in suicide risk and violence risk assessment and management. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 53(4), 666-679.

A direct link is not yet available.

2022

Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Marginalized Youth

Proposes framework addressing how structural racism impacts suicide prevention for youth of color. Documents earlier suicide risk peaks for ethnoracially minoritized populations with service access disparities. Framework addresses four racism levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, cultural.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesSocial DeterminantsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Alvarez, K., Polanco-Roman, L., Breslow, A. S., & Molock, S. (2022). Structural racism and suicide prevention for ethnoracially marginalized youth: A conceptual framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 179(6), 422-433.

2022

The Location of Suicide: Cultural Parameters of a Public Health Territory

This article critiques how public health suicide research reduces culture to quantifiable variables and static values, arguing for "thicker" anthropological approaches. The authors propose "suicide cultures" as a framework that examines suicide through performative, agentive, and social justice lenses, considering macro-level sociocultural factors rather than focusing solely on individual mental pathology.

Social DeterminantsTheory & Models

Citation

Hazan, H., & Romberg, R. (2022). The location of suicide: Cultural parameters of a public health territory. Social Epistemology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2042422

2022

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidal behaviour: a population-based cohort study

This Swedish population-based cohort study examined 538,577 individuals aged 6-59 years who initiated SSRI treatment between 2006-2013 to assess suicide risk. The study found that suicide risk was highest in the 30 days before SSRI initiation (IRR = 7.35, 95% CI 6.60-8.18) compared to one year before treatment. Following SSRI initiation, the risk decreased significantly (IRR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.58-0.65 in the first 30 days post-initiation) and continued declining over time. During the full follow-up period (mean 4.6 years), 4.4% of individuals had suicide attempts and 0.3% died by suicide (approximately 68.7 per 100,000 person-years). The patterns were consistent across age groups, contradicting concerns about increased suicide risk with SSRI treatment, particularly in youth, and suggesting instead that SSRIs may reduce suicidal behavior risk.

Treatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Lagerberg, T., Fazel, S., Sjölander, A., Hellner, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Chang, Z. (2022). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidal behaviour: A population-based cohort study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(4), 817-823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01179-z

2022

Are social work students being adequately prepared to intervene with suicide?

A survey of MSW students found most had training on suicide risk assessment, but fewer on intervention and postvention. Students lacked confidence in skills. The study recommends enhanced MSW curriculum on comprehensive suicide prevention, intervention techniques like safety planning, and postvention to better prepare social workers.

Clinical TrainingPostvention & LossTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Mirick, R. G., et al. (2022). Are social work students being adequately prepared to intervene with suicide? Advances in Social Work, 22(3).

A direct link is not yet available.

2022

Effects of media stories of hope and recovery on suicidal ideation and help-seeking attitudes and intentions: systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis examined eight randomized controlled trials (2,350 participants) testing media narratives of hope and recovery from suicidal crises. Among vulnerable individuals, these stories showed small but significant reductions in suicidal ideation (SMD=-0.22, p=0.017). No significant effects were found for help-seeking attitudes/intentions, though evidence was insufficient.

Contagion & MediaTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Niederkrotenthaler, T., Till, B., Kirchner, S., Sinyor, M., Braun, M., Pirkis, J., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., Arendt, F., Ftanou, M., Kovacs, R., King, K., Schlichthorst, M., Stack, S., & Spittal, M. J. (2022). Effects of media stories of hope and recovery on suicidal ideation and help-seeking attitudes and intentions: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 7(2), e156–e168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00258-2

2022

Gender-Based Violence and Suicide Among Gender-Diverse Populations in the United States

This article examines the link between gender-based violence and suicide among gender-diverse populations in the United States.

LGBTQ+Racial & Ethnic Disparities

Citation

Small, L. A., Godoy, S. M., Lau, C., & Franke, T. (2022, November 10). Gender-Based Violence and Suicide Among Gender-Diverse Populations in the United States. Archives of Suicide Research. DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2136023

2022

A Meta-Analysis on the Affect Regulation Function of Real-Time Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours

Meta-analysis of ecological momentary assessment studies examining affect regulation hypothesis for SITBs. Found modest support - negative affect decreased following SITBs but effect sizes were small. Suggests affect regulation may not be primary function as commonly assumed.

Self-HarmTheory & Models

Citation

Victor, S. E., Styer, D., & Washburn, J. J. (2022). A meta-analysis on the affect regulation function of real-time self-injurious thoughts and behaviours. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(7), 964-974.

2021

Suicide Deaths During the COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Advisory in Massachusetts, March to May 2020

This cohort study examined suicide death data in Massachusetts from January 2015 through May 2020 to assess whether suicide rates changed during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. During the pandemic period (March-May 2020), the suicide death incident rate was 0.67 per 100,000 person-months compared to 0.80 during the corresponding 2019 period (IRR 0.84). Findings indicated that suicide deaths remained stable and did not increase during the stay-at-home advisory, contrary to concerns about deaths of despair during pandemic restrictions.

COVID-19Legal & Policy

Citation

Faust, J. S., Shah, S. B., Du, C., Li, S.-X., Lin, Z., & Krumholz, H. M. (2021). Suicide deaths during the COVID-19 stay-at-home advisory in Massachusetts, March to May 2020. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2034273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34273

2021

2020 National Suicide Statistics Report

Official CDC report on 2020 suicide statistics during COVID-19. Despite pandemic concerns, overall rates remained stable or slightly decreased in 2020, though varied by demographics and regions. Provides critical baseline data for understanding pandemic impacts on suicide mortality.

COVID-19Racial & Ethnic Disparities

Citation

Hedegaard, H., Curtin, S. C., & Warner, M. (2021). 2020 National suicide statistics report. NCHS Data Brief, No. 433. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

2021

Suicide Attempt Survivors' Recomendations for Improving Mental Health Treatment for Attempt Survivors

This qualitative study surveyed 329 suicide attempt survivors about improving mental health treatment. Four key themes emerged: (1) provider interactions should reduce stigma and increase empathy, (2) intake should offer diverse treatment options and thorough assessment, (3) treatment delivery should address root problems and build coping skills, and (4) structural improvements are needed in access, continuity of care, and provider training. Findings emphasize incorporating lived experience into suicide prevention.

Clinical TrainingPeer SupportPostvention & LossTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Hom, M. A., Bauer, B. W., Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Stage, D. L., Capron, D. W., Schmidt, N. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2021). Suicide attempt survivors' recommendations for improving mental health treatment for attempt survivors. Psychological Services, 18(3), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000415

2021

Suicide Ideation and Neurocognition Among 9 and 10 year old Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

Using baseline data from 11,875 children (ages 9-10) in the ABCD Study, this research examined relationships between suicide ideation (SI) and neurocognitive performance. Children with parent-reported or concordant parent-child reported SI demonstrated significantly lower episodic memory performance on the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test compared to children without SI. This finding remained significant after controlling for demographics, family suicide history, and internalizing symptoms, suggesting episodic memory deficits may be early vulnerability markers for suicide behavior.

Youth & Adolescents

Citation

Huber, R. S., Sheth, C., Renshaw, P. F., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., & McGlade, E. C. (2021). Suicide ideation and neurocognition among 9- and 10-year old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Archives of Suicide Research, 25(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1818657

2021

404 ERROR: Mistakes We Need to Stop Making in Suicidology

This webinar argues that the field of suicidology overemphasizes suicide prediction. Dr. Klonsky claims that accurate prediction is not necessary for prevention, is impossible, and is an inappropriate basis for theory. The presentation advocates for a new approach that focuses on the necessary conditions for suicide (pain, hopelessness, connection, and capability) to guide intervention efforts at various levels. No specific statistics are included in the presentation slides.

Clinical TrainingTheory & Models

Citation

Klonsky, E. D. (2021). 404 ERROR: Mistakes We Need to Stop Making in Suicidology. CAMS care.

2021

Assessment of Suicidal Behaviors Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Denmark

This Danish nationwide cohort study (1995-2016, N=6,559,266) found individuals with autism spectrum disorder had 3-fold higher rates of suicide attempt and suicide compared to those without ASD. Over 90% with ASD who attempted/died by suicide had psychiatric comorbidity (most commonly anxiety/affective disorders). Risk factors differed from general population, suggesting need for tailored prevention.

Co-occurring Conditions

Citation

Kõlves, K., Fitzgerald, C., Nordentoft, M., Wood, S. J., & Erlangsen, A. (2021). Assessment of suicidal behaviors among individuals with autism spectrum disorder in Denmark. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2033565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33565

2021Review

Improving Suicide Prevention Through Evidence-Based Strategies: A Systematic Review

This systematic review identifies scalable evidence-based suicide prevention strategies. Findings include: training primary care physicians prevents suicide; active outreach to patients after a suicidal crisis is effective; and specific therapies like CBT and DBT prevent suicidal behavior.

Clinical TrainingMeans RestrictionTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Mann, J. J., Michel, C. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2021). Improving suicide prevention through evidence-based strategies: A systematic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(7), 611-624.

2021

The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention

This review argues that sociology's contributions to suicide research have been underutilized in modern prevention efforts. Building on Durkheim's work, the authors show how external social factors influence suicide risk through three key mechanisms . Core Findings: 1. Social networks can both protect and harm - suicide spreads through social connections, but isolation also increases risk 2. Cultural scripts shape when suicide becomes seen as an acceptable option for different groups 3. Social emotions like shame translate social failures into psychological pain that can lead to suicide. Key Insight: Both too little and too much social integration/regulation increase suicide risk, creating a curvilinear relationship rather than a simple "more connection is always better" model.

Contagion & MediaSocial DeterminantsTheory & Models

Citation

Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S., Pescosolido, B., & Diefendorf, S. (2021). The social roots of suicide: Theorizing how the external social world matters to suicide and suicide prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 621569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621569

2021Review

Safety Planning-Type Interventions for Suicide Prevention: A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis of 6 studies examining safety planning interventions. Found 43% reduction in suicidal behavior risk (RR=0.57) with number needed to treat of 16. Interventions included warning signs, coping strategies, support contacts, means restriction. Demonstrates effectiveness of structured safety planning approaches.

Crisis ResponseMeans RestrictionTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Nuij, C., van Ballegooijen, W., de Beurs, D., Juniar, D., Erlangsen, A., Portzky, G., ... & Riper, H. (2021). Safety planning-type interventions for suicide prevention: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2), e0245292.

2021

A population-based case control study of suicide among youth reported for abuse and neglect

This case-control study used data from California to examine the association between child maltreatment and adolescent suicide. It found that recent Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement, as well as allegations of physical and sexual abuse, were significant risk factors for death by suicide. The study did not find a difference in risk between youth with unsubstantiated or substantiated allegations.

Youth & Adolescents

Citation

Palmer, L., Prindle, J., & Putnam-Hornstein, E. (2021). A population-based case control study of suicide among youth reported for abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 117, 105060.

2021

A Population-Based Examination of Suicide and Child Protection System Involvement

This study of over one million children in California found that 56.5% of those who died by suicide had a history of past abuse or neglect allegations. Children with any CPS history had three times the odds of suicide compared to children with no history. The authors conclude that suicide risk is not isolated to children in foster care but also affects the broader group of children who remain at home after maltreatment reports.

Youth & Adolescents

Citation

Palmer, L., Prindle, J., & Putnam-Hornstein, E. (2021). A population-based examination of suicide and child protection system involvement. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(3), 465–469.

2021

Suicidality Among Sexual Minority Adults: Gender and Age-Specific Patterns

National survey analysis of suicidality among sexual minority adults. Found elevated rates across demographics, particularly among bisexual women and young sexual minority adults. Examined intersection of sexual orientation, gender, age in suicide risk. Highlights need for targeted prevention.

LGBTQ+Racial & Ethnic Disparities

Citation

Raifman, J., et al. (2021). Suicidality among sexual minority adults: Gender and age-specific patterns. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(4), 498-507.

2021

Trends in Suicide Rates by Race and Ethnicity in the United States

This study analyzed US suicide trends from 1999-2019, finding that while overall rates decreased in 2019, significant racial disparities persisted. Suicide rates among Black and Asian/Pacific Islander individuals increased 30% and 16% respectively between 2014-2019, with particularly alarming increases among Black and Asian/Pacific Islander male youth aged 15-24 years.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Ramchand, R., Gordon, J. A., & Pearson, J. L. (2021). Trends in suicide rates by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 4(5), e2111563. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11563

2021

Understanding Protective Factors for Suicidality and Depression Among U.S. Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents

Examined protective factors for LGBTQ+ adolescents using minority stress theory. Found school connectedness, family support, peer support served as protective factors against suicidality/depression. Emphasized resilience over risk factors. Highlights importance of supportive school climates and anti-bullying policies.

LGBTQ+Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesSchool-BasedYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Rivas-Koehl, M., Valido, A., Espelage, D. L., Robinson, L. E., & Hatchel, T. (2021). Understanding protective factors for suicidality and depression among U.S. sexual and gender minority adolescents. School Psychology Review, 52(4), 1-16.

2021

The effectiveness of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) compared to alternative treatment conditions: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of nine empirical studies that found CAMS resulted in significantly lower suicidal ideation (d = 0.25) and general distress (d = 0.29), and significantly higher treatment acceptability (d = 0.42), when compared to other interventions.

Screening & AssessmentTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Swift, J. K., Trusty, W. T., & Penix, E. A. (2021). The effectiveness of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) compared to alternative treatment conditions: A meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12765

2021

Contextualizing Black Women's Mental Health in the Twenty-First Century: Gendered Racism and Suicide-Related Behavior

This review argues for an intersectional framework to understand the mental health and suicide risk of Black women. It links suicide risk to gendered racism and the "Strong Black Woman" schema.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesSocial Determinants

Citation

Vance, M. M., Wade, J. M., Brandy, M., Jr., & Webster, A. R. (2021). Contextualizing Black Women's Mental Health in the Twenty-First Century: Gendered Racism and Suicide-Related Behavior. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01198-y

2020

Understanding the Impacts of Corrections Officer Suicide

This article reports on research examining corrections officer suicides at the Massachusetts Department of Correction (2010-2015), where rates were seven times the national average. The study conducted family interviews to understand officers' lives comprehensively, identified three distinct suicide types, and employed social network analysis to assess workplace wellness and risk factors.

Postvention & Loss

Citation

Frost, N. A. (2020). Understanding the impacts of corrections officer suicide. Corrections Today, 82(2), 14-18.

A direct link is not yet available.

2020

Adaptation of Evidence-Based Suicide Prevention Strategies During COVID-19

Review of adapting suicide prevention during pandemic. Discusses challenges maintaining protective factors during lockdowns. Reviews telehealth adaptations, online screening, virtual support groups, technology-enhanced interventions. Emphasizes maintaining therapeutic relationships during isolation.

COVID-19Screening & AssessmentTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Gunnell, D., et al. (2020). Adaptation of evidence-based suicide prevention strategies during COVID-19. World Psychiatry, 19(3), 294-306.

2020

Samaritans Depiction of suicide and self-harm in literature

This guidance document provides evidence-based recommendations for authors and publishers when depicting suicide and self-harm in literature. The document outlines key statistics: approximately 6,000 people die by suicide annually in the UK, with men three times more likely to die by suicide than women. In England, young women are more likely than young men to self-harm, and between 2007-2014 there was an increase in self-harm reports, especially among young women aged 16-24. The guidance discusses the "Werther effect" (suicide contagion through media) and the "Papageno effect" (protective influence of sensitive portrayals), providing specific recommendations for language use, method portrayal, and responsible coverage to minimize harmful impact while not deterring writers from addressing these important topics

Contagion & MediaSelf-Harm

Citation

Samaritans. (2020). Depiction of suicide and self-harm in literature. Samaritans.

2020

Prevalence and Family-Related Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempts, and Self-injury in Children Aged 9 to 10 Years

Among 11,814 children aged 9-10, prevalence rates were 6.4% for passive suicidal ideation, 4.4% for nonspecific active ideation, 2.4% for active ideation with method/plan, 1.3% for suicide attempts, and 9.1% for nonsuicidal self-injury. High family conflict and low parental monitoring were significantly associated with suicidality and self-injury.

Self-HarmYouth & Adolescents

Citation

DeVille, D. C., Whalen, D., Breslin, F. J., Morris, A. S., Khalsa, S. S., Paulus, M. P., & Barch, D. M. (2020). Prevalence and family-related factors associated with suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-injury in children aged 9 to 10 years. JAMA Network Open, 3(2), e1920956. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20956

2020

Lessons learned: Forty years of clinical work with suicide loss survivors.

A grief therapist's reflections on nearly forty years of practice, most of it with people bereaved by suicide. Argues that what most distinguishes this kind of loss is the perceived intentionality of the death and the sense of responsibility that follows from it. Sets out tasks of reintegration that can serve as treatment goals: a particular kind of secure therapeutic alliance, substantial education about suicide, trauma and grief, repair of the continuing bond with the person who died, and support in rebuilding assumptions about the world that the death has broken.

Postvention & LossTreatment & InterventionAuto-summarized

Citation

Jordan, J. R. (2020). Lessons learned: Forty years of clinical work with suicide loss survivors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00766

2019

Concussion and risk of suicide: who, when and under what circumstances?

A systematic review and meta-analysis found a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) was associated with a two-fold increased risk of suicide.

Co-occurring Conditions

Citation

Brenner, L. A., & Bahraini, N. H. (2019). Concussion and risk of suicide: who, when and under what circumstances? Nature Reviews Neurology, 15(3), 136-137.

2019

Master Clinician Review: Saving Holden Caulfield: Suicide Prevention in Children and Adolescents

This comprehensive review addresses the dramatic increase in adolescent suicide rates in the United States, which rose 31% among males (from 10.8 to 14.1 per 100,000) and doubled among females (from 2.4 to 5.1 per 100,000) between 2007-2015. Using the metaphor of Holden Caulfield from "The Catcher in the Rye," Brent outlines four evidence-based approaches to suicide prevention: (1) prevention through family interventions and school programs, (2) improving access to care through collaborative models, (3) systemic changes like the Zero Suicide Initiative, and (4) means restriction. Key findings include that the Good Behavior Game showed a 50% reduction in suicidal ideation when properly implemented, and that means restriction (particularly firearm safety) represents a critical prevention strategy, as firearms are the most common suicide method among adolescents.

Means RestrictionSchool-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Brent, D. A. (2019). Master clinician review: Saving Holden Caulfield: Suicide prevention in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.030

2019

Clinical and Psychosocial Characteristics of Young Children With Suicidal Ideation, Behaviors, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behaviors

This review examines evidence-based suicide prevention strategies for youth, organized around four approaches: prevention programs addressing maltreatment and family factors; improving care access through collaborative and school-based services; systemic changes in care delivery (Zero Suicide Initiative); and means restriction (limiting firearm/medication access). Cost-effective implementation could reverse rising adolescent suicide rates.

Means RestrictionSchool-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

2019

Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)

The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) score is based on the patient’s responses to screening questions, but it also allows for integration of information from other sources (eg, family and friends, healthcare professionals, hospital records, or coroner’s report).

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Salvi, J. (2019). Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Emergency Medicine Practice, 21(5), CD3-CD4. PMID: 31039299

2019

Media depictions of possible suicide contagion among celebrities: A cause for concern and potential opportunities for prevention

This article examines media portrayals suggesting suicide contagion between celebrities, analyzing two cases: Chris Cornell/Chester Bennington and Robin Williams/Kate Spade. The authors argue these reports may amplify the Werther Effect and normalize suicide clustering. They recommend media guidelines discouraging such connections and promoting positive coping stories from celebrities who overcame suicidal thoughts.

Contagion & Media

Citation

Sinyor, M., Williams, M., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2019). Media depictions of possible suicide contagion among celebrities: A cause for concern and potential opportunities for prevention. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(8), 735–738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846390

2019

Preventing adolescent suicide: A systematic review of the effectiveness and change mechanisms of suicide prevention gatekeeping training programs for teachers and parents

A systematic review examining the effectiveness of gatekeeper training programs found mixed results. While some studies showed improvements in knowledge, skills, and confidence among teachers and parents, there was limited evidence of a direct impact on reducing suicidal behaviors in youth.

Clinical TrainingSchool-BasedYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Torok, M., Calear, A. L., Smart, A., Nicolopoulos, A., & Wong, Q. (2019). Preventing adolescent suicide: A systematic review of the effectiveness and change mechanisms of suicide prevention gatekeeping training programs for teachers and parents. Journal of Adolescence, 73, 100-112. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.04.004

2019

How Many People Are Exposed to Suicide? Not Six. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior.

The study measured exposure, not necessarily severe emotional impact. The authors defined exposure broadly as people who knew the deceased. They further suggested that a smaller subset of those 135 individuals would experience significant emotional, psychological, or practical effects and may need support services.

Postvention & Loss

Citation

Cerel, J., Brown, M. M., Maple, M., Singleton, M., van de Venne, J., Moore, M., & Flaherty, C. (2019). How many people are exposed to suicide? Not six. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(2), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12450

2019

Young Children's Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury: A Systematic Review

Systematic review of suicidal ideation and self-injury in children under 12. Found these behaviors occur in very young children, associated with depression, trauma exposure, family dysfunction. Challenges traditional developmental assumptions. Highlights need for age-appropriate assessment/interventions.

Self-HarmYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Whalen, D. J., et al. (2019). Young children's suicidal ideation and self-injury: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(2), 146-164.

2018

Negative Reactions of Therapists Working with Suicidal Patients: a CBT/Mindfulness Perspective on "Countertransference"

The article addresses the negative reactions, or countertransference, that therapists may experience when working with suicidal patients. It proposes that adopting a cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness perspective (specifically the RAIN model—Recognition, Acceptance, Investigation, and Non-Identification) can help clinicians manage these reactions to improve treatment outcomes.

Clinical TrainingTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Ellis, T. E., Schwartz, J. A. J., & Rufino, K. A. (2018). Negative Reactions of Therapists Working with Suicidal Patients: a CBT/Mindfulness Perspective on "Countertransference". Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 11(1), 80-99. doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0005-1

2018

Suicide exposures and bereavement among American adults: Evidence from the 2016 General Social Survey

Using the 2016 General Social Survey (N=1,432), this study found that 51% of American adults had lifetime exposure to at least one suicide, and 35% were bereaved (experiencing moderate-to-severe emotional distress from the loss). Suicide exposure and bereavement were associated with increased mental health problems, including more "bad mental health days" and expectations of nervous breakdowns. Findings demonstrate that suicide exposure is far more pervasive than previously recognized, affecting approximately 90 million Americans.

Contagion & MediaPostvention & Loss

Citation

Feigelman, W., Cerel, J., McIntosh, J. L., Brent, D., & Gutin, N. (2018). Suicide exposures and bereavement among American adults: Evidence from the 2016 General Social Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.056

2018

Negative Reactions of Therapists Working with Suicidal Patients: Countertransference Management

Addresses therapist countertransference reactions when working with suicidal patients. Proposes BRAIN model for managing reactions: Recognition, Acceptance, Investigation, Non-identification, Taking Action. Emphasizes need for therapist self-awareness, supervision, and mindfulness approaches in suicide-focused therapy.

Clinical TrainingTheory & ModelsTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Hayes, J. A., et al. (2018). Negative reactions of therapists working with suicidal patients: Countertransference management in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 418-428.

2018Review

Black Male Suicide: A Systematic Review of Treatment and Prevention Literature

Systematic review of interventions for Black adolescent males at suicide risk. Only 6 RCTs met criteria. Found limited evidence for Multisystemic Therapy and Attachment-Based Family Therapy reducing suicidal ideation, with effects lasting ~1 year. Noted absence of social work-led research.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Joe, S., et al. (2018). Black male suicide: A systematic review of treatment and prevention literature. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(3), 340-345.

2018

Crisis Supports for the Autism Community

This resource is a toolkit developed to help crisis center workers identify and support autistic callers/texters who are in crisis. It provides guidelines on recognizing autistic traits and offers advice on communication strategies, such as using clear, direct questions and avoiding metaphors, to support an autistic person in crisis. No specific statistics are mentioned in the document.

Clinical TrainingCo-occurring ConditionsCrisis Response

Citation

Morgan, L. (2018). Crisis Supports for the Autism Community. American Association of Suicidology.

2018

The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour

The IMV model is a comprehensive three-phase framework explaining suicide development. The pre-motivational phase describes background factors (genetics, life events, personality). The motivational phase explains how defeat and entrapment lead to suicidal ideation through psychological processes. The volitional phase identifies factors that determine who transitions from suicidal thoughts to actual suicide attempts, including impulsivity, access to means, and past behavior. This model helps distinguish between ideation and action.

Theory & Models

Citation

O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 373, 20170268.

2018

Traditional and New Media's Influence on Suicidal Behavior and Contagion

Reviews how traditional and social media influence suicide contagion and prevention. Documents harmful (Werther effect) and protective (Papageno effect) media coverage. Discusses social media for prevention, crisis intervention, reaching hard-to-engage populations like LGBTQ youth. Emphasizes responsible reporting.

Contagion & MediaCrisis ResponseLGBTQ+

Citation

Ortiz, R., & Khin Khin, E. (2018). Traditional and new media's influence on suicidal behavior and contagion. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 36(2), 245-256.

2018

Comparison of the Safety Planning Intervention With Follow-up vs Usual Care of Suicidal Patients Treated in the Emergency Department

This large-scale cohort comparison study (N=1,640) evaluated the Safety Planning Intervention with follow-up (SPI+) versus usual care in Veterans Affairs emergency departments: SPI+ group: 1,186 patients; Usual care group: 454 patients. Suicidal behavior reduction: SPI+ associated with 45% fewer suicidal behaviors (3.03% vs 5.29%). Treatment engagement: SPI+ patients had more than double the odds of attending mental health treatment (OR = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.57-2.71). Number needed to treat: 44.43 to prevent one suicide attempt. The intervention halved the odds of suicidal behavior over 6 months (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.95, p = .03)

Crisis ResponseMilitary & VeteransTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Stanley, B., Brown, G. K., Brenner, L. A., Galfalvy, H. C., Currier, G. W., Knox, K. L., Chaudhury, S. R., Bush, A. L., & Green, K. L. (2018). Comparison of the Safety Planning Intervention with follow-up vs usual care of suicidal patients treated in the emergency department. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(9), 894-900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1776

2017

Risk Factors Proximate to Suicide and Suicide Risk Assessment in the Context of Denied Suicide Ideation

This retrospective chart review study examined 157 patients who died by suicide within 30 days of their last clinical evaluation. Key findings: 1. 67% (n=89) denied having suicidal ideation when last asked by clinicians. 2. 50% of those who denied suicidal ideation died within 2 days of their evaluation 3. Most prevalent risk factors in the last 30 days: history of prior SI/suicide attempt (84%), anxiety/agitation (80%), sleep problems (76%), interpersonal/financial problems (73%) 4. Patients who denied suicidal ideation were remarkably similar to those who admitted it in terms of risk factors and circumstances

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Berman, A. L. (2017). Risk factors proximate to suicide and suicide risk assessment in the context of denied suicide ideation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(2), 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12351

2017Review

On the Iatrogenic Risk of Assessing Suicidality: A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis of 13 studies examining whether suicide assessments increase suicide risk. Found no evidence that assessments increase suicidal thoughts/behaviors - slight reductions observed. Supports safety of suicide risk assessment, countering concerns about 'planting the idea.'

Screening & Assessment

Citation

DeCou, C. R., & Schumann, M. E. (2017). On the iatrogenic risk of assessing suicidality: A meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(5), 531-543.

2017Review

Risk Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of 50 Years of Research

Meta-analysis of 365 studies examining risk factors for suicidal thoughts/behaviors. Found risk factors distinguish between those with/without suicidal thoughts but poorly predict future attempts. Highlights prediction problem - even strong risk factors have limited predictive utility.

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., ... & Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187-232.

2017

Lessons Learned from Ten Years of Using School-Based Screenings for Suicide Postvention

A review of 10 years of school-based universal suicide screenings in the Northeast United States. Of 9,984 students screened, 12.6% screened positive for suicide risk. Those screening positive were more likely to be female (67.2%) and not currently in treatment (57.6%). The article shares lessons on working with school staff and recommendations for screenings.

Postvention & LossSchool-BasedScreening & AssessmentYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Mirick, R. G., Berkowitz, L., Bridger, J., & McCauley, J. (2017). Lessons Learned from Ten Years of Using School-Based Screenings for Suicide Postvention. School Social Work Journal, 42(1), 17-38.

A direct link is not yet available.

2017

A Longitudinal Study of Racial Discrimination and Risk for Death Ideation in African American Youth

This study examined the link between perceived racial discrimination and suicide vulnerability in African American youth, using data from 722 participants. Results showed a direct and mediated effect of perceived racism on later suicide and morbid ideation. For both boys and girls, the effect was mediated by symptoms of depression, while for girls only, the association was also mediated by anxiety.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesSocial DeterminantsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Walker, R., Francis, D., Brody, G., Simons, R., Cutrona, C., & Gibbons, F. (2017). A longitudinal study of racial discrimination and risk for death ideation in African American youth. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 47(1), 86–98.

2016

Update on the Use of SSRIs and SNRIs with Children and Adolescents

Review of antidepressant use in youth, addressing safety concerns and suicidality risk. Discusses TADS trial findings showing combination of fluoxetine and CBT most effective for adolescent depression. Addresses FDA black box warnings while emphasizing benefits of treatment for depression and suicide prevention.

Legal & PolicyTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Cheung, A. H., et al. (2016). Update on the use of SSRIs and SNRIs with children and adolescents in clinical practice. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 4-10.

2016

Prevention of Firearm Suicide in the United States: What Works and What Is Possible

Comprehensive review of firearm suicide prevention. Firearms account for ~50% of US suicides with 92% lethality. Evidence shows means restriction through safer storage, permit-to-purchase laws, waiting periods reduce firearm suicides. Most victims purchased guns years before death.

Legal & PolicyMeans Restriction

Citation

Mann, J. J., & Michel, C. A. (2016). Prevention of firearm suicide in the United States: What works and what is possible. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(10), 969-979.

2016

The SOS Suicide Prevention Program: Further Evidence of Efficacy and Effectiveness

Study: Grade 9 students in Connecticut, RCT design with 3-month follow-up. Key Results: Significantly greater reduction in suicide attempts among intervention group vs. controls. Significant reduction in suicide planning among students with prior suicide attempt. Combined with 2014 middle school study, established SOS as having moderate evidence level - highest rating for school-based suicide prevention programs.

School-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., Jr., & James, A. (2016). The SOS suicide prevention program: Further evidence of efficacy and effectiveness. Prevention Science, 17, 157-166.

2016

The communication of suicidal intentions: A meta-analysis

Communication of intent. Discusses when and how often people leave a suicide note.

Contagion & MediaCrisis Response

Citation

Pompili, M., Belvederi Murri, M., Patti, S., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2016). The communication of suicidal intentions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(11), 2239–2253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000696

2016

Reformulating Suicide Risk Formulation: From Prediction to Prevention

Challenges the standard practice of ending a suicide risk assessment with a rating of low, moderate or high, noting there is little evidence such predictions are valid, reliable or useful. Proposes replacing the single verdict with four judgements that point directly at what to do: risk status relative to a comparison population, risk state relative to the person's own baseline, the resources they can draw on in a crisis, and the foreseeable changes that could make things worse.

Clinical TrainingScreening & AssessmentAuto-summarized

Citation

Pisani, A. R., Murrie, D. C., & Silverman, M. M. (2016). Reformulating Suicide Risk Formulation: From Prediction to Prevention. Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 40(4), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0434-6

2015

The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A New Theory of Suicide Rooted in the "Ideation-to-Action" Framework

This article introduces the Three-Step Theory (3ST) of suicide, which explains the progression from suicidal ideation to attempts. The theory posits that ideation results from the combination of pain and hopelessness. Among those experiencing both, connectedness is a key protective factor. The progression to an attempt is facilitated by the capability to attempt suicide.

Theory & Models

Citation

Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the "ideation-to-action" framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114–129.

2015

Suicide Risk Among College Students: The Intersection of Sexual Orientation and Race

This study examined suicide risk among 4,345 first-year college students based on sexual orientation and race using structural equation modeling. Students identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) showed significantly elevated suicide risk compared to heterosexual peers, particularly at the most extreme risk levels (OR=5.38 for 99th percentile). While students of color overall showed slightly lower risk than White students, LGB students of color demonstrated elevated suicide risk. Results suggest multiple marginalized identities increase suicide risk, though effects are not simply additive, highlighting complex intersections between sexual orientation, race, and suicidality.

LGBTQ+Racial & Ethnic Disparities

Citation

Shadick, R., Dagirmanjian, F. B., & Barbot, B. (2015). Suicide risk among college students: The intersection of sexual orientation and race. Crisis, 36(6), 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000340

2014

Suicide Risk Assessment and Risk Formulation Part II: Suicide Risk Formulation and the Determination of Levels of Risk.

This is Part II of a 2014 two-part series by Berman and Silverman about evaluating suicide risk. Part II focuses on how mental health professionals take assessment information and formulate it into risk levels (low, moderate, or high). These risk levels help doctors decide what treatment and safety measures patients need. The authors found there's limited research on the best ways to assign risk levels and match them to appropriate care, so they suggest improvements to help clinicians make better decisions and save lives.

Clinical TrainingScreening & Assessment

Citation

Berman, A. and Silverman, M. (2014). Suicide Risk Assessment and Risk Formulation Part II: Suicide Risk Formulation and the Determination of Levels of Risk. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 44(4): 432-443.

A direct link is not yet available.

2014

Evidence-based psychotherapies for suicide prevention: future directions.

This 2014 article by Brown and Jager-Hyman reviews therapy treatments that help prevent suicide. The authors explain that several types of therapy have been tested using scientific studies and shown to work in reducing suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts. However, there are still gaps in the research and problems with how some studies were done. The article discusses what we know about effective suicide prevention therapies and suggests ways to improve future research so we can develop better treatments to save lives.

Clinical TrainingTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Brown, G. K., & Jager-Hyman, S. (2014). Evidence-based psychotherapies for suicide prevention: future directions. American journal of preventive medicine, 47(3 Suppl 2), S186–S194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.008

2014

DIRECT THREAT AND CARING FOR STUDENTS AT RISK FOR SELF-HARM: WHERE WE STAND NOW

This document reviews the legal framework for colleges and universities addressing students who pose a "direct threat" of self-harm, particularly in light of a 2011 change by the U.S. Department of Justice. The article examines the definition of "direct threat" under federal anti-discrimination laws and discusses a 2014 court case against Princeton University related to these issues.

Legal & PolicySchool-BasedSelf-Harm

Citation

Lannon, P. G., Jr. (2014, September 3). Direct Threat and Caring for Students at Risk for Self-Harm: Where We Stand Now. NACUANOTES, 12(8).

A direct link is not yet available.

2014

"Signs of Suicide" shows promise as a middle school suicide prevention program.

Intervention: Multi-component SOS program including video about depression/suicide, depression screening (7-item scale), and curriculum covering suicide awareness, mental health education, help-seeking behaviors, and social connectedness. Key Results: No main effects on overall suicidal ideation, planning, or behavior. However, significantly greater reduction in suicidal behavior at 3 months among students with elevated baseline suicidal ideation - the targeted high-risk group showed meaningful improvement. Program rated as having moderate level of evidence based on this and companion ninth-grade study.

School-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Schilling, E. A., Lawless, M., Buchanan, L., Aseltine, R. H., Jr., & Glanovsky, J. L. (2014). "Signs of Suicide" shows promise as a middle school suicide prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 653-667.

2014Review

Suicide Attempts Among Self-Injurers: A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis of 52 studies comparing NSSI-only vs NSSI+suicide attempts groups. Those with both have higher psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, trauma exposure. Highlights importance of distinguishing groups for risk assessment and treatment planning.

Co-occurring ConditionsSelf-Harm

Citation

Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2014). Suicide attempts among self-injurers: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 282-297.

2014

Reducing a Suicidal Person's Access to Lethal Means of Suicide: A Research Agenda

Reducing access to highly lethal suicide methods has been associated with 30-50% declines in suicide rates internationally. In the U.S., firearms account for 51% of suicides with 85-90% case fatality. Evidence supports "lethal means counseling" to temporarily remove firearms from at-risk individuals, potentially saving 3,600-3,900 lives annually.

Means Restriction

Citation

Barber, C. W., & Miller, M. (2014). Reducing a Suicidal Person's Access to Lethal Means of Suicide: A Research Agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

A direct link is not yet available.

2013

A Tool for the Culturally Competent Assessment of Suicide: The Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS) Measure

This article introduces the Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS) measure, a new self-report instrument for culturally competent suicide risk assessment. The study administered the 39-item, 8-factor measure to a diverse sample of 950 adults. The results showed that the CARS total and subscale scores had good internal consistency and convergent validity with other suicide-related measures.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesScreening & AssessmentTheory & Models

Citation

Chu, J., Floyd, R., Diep, H., Pardo, S., Goldblum, P., & Bongar, B. (2013). A tool for the culturally competent assessment of suicide: The Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS) measure. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 424–434.

2013

Association between exposure to suicide and suicidality outcomes in youth

This study found that exposure to a schoolmate's suicide was associated with ideation at baseline among respondents aged 12-13 years (odds ratio [OR] 5.06) and 14-15 years (OR 2.93). Such exposure was also associated with attempts at baseline for ages 12-13 (OR 4.57) and 14-15 (OR 3.99). At a 2-year follow-up, a schoolmate's suicide predicted suicide attempts among participants aged 12-13 (OR 3.07) and 14-15 (OR 2.72).

Contagion & MediaPostvention & LossSchool-BasedYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Swanson, S. A., & Colman, I. (2013). Association between exposure to suicide and suicidality outcomes in youth. CMAJ, 185(10). DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.121377

2012

The critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human well-being.

Argues that mental, emotional and behavioural problems largely share a common set of causes, and that prevention should therefore target environments rather than disorders one at a time. Defines a nurturing environment as one that minimises toxic events, teaches and reinforces prosocial and self-regulatory behaviour, limits opportunities for problem behaviour, and builds psychological flexibility — and argues that raising the prevalence of such environments is a public health task.

Clinical TrainingSocial DeterminantsTreatment & InterventionYouth & AdolescentsAuto-summarized

Citation

Biglan, A., Flay, B. R., Embry, D. D., & Sandler, I. N. (2012). The critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human well-being. American Psychologist, 67(4), 257–271.

2012

Reasons for suicide attempts in a clinical sample of active duty soldiers

This 2013 study by Bryan, Rudd, and Wertenberger looked at why active duty soldiers attempted suicide. The researchers found that soldiers mainly tried to end their lives to escape or reduce intense emotional pain and suffering. The study also discovered that the reasons soldiers gave for their suicide attempts didn't strongly relate to how seriously they intended to die or how medically dangerous their attempt was. This shows that understanding emotional distress is important for helping prevent suicide in military members.

Clinical TrainingMilitary & VeteransTheory & Models

Citation

Bryan, Craig & Rudd, M & Wertenberger, Evelyn. (2012). Reasons for suicide attempts in a clinical sample of active duty soldiers. Journal of affective disorders. 144. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.030.

2012

Suicide and Culture Understanding the Context

This book explores how culture affects suicide through cross-national research. It examines cultural meanings of suicide across different societies, building on Durkheim's sociological theories. The work analyzes relationships between suicide rates and cultural factors like individualization, secularization, and social integration. It argues that culture shapes how suicide is understood, prevented, and experienced, emphasizing the need for culturally-informed suicide research and prevention strategies rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesSocial DeterminantsTheory & Models

Citation

Colucci, E., & Lester, D. (Eds.). (2012). Suicide and culture: Understanding the context. Cambridge: Hogrefe Publishing.

2012

Guidelines for Peer Support in High-Risk Organizations: An International Consensus Study Using the Delphi Method

This study used the Delphi method with 92 international experts to develop consensus guidelines for peer-support programs in high-risk organizations. Through three rating rounds, consensus was reached on 81% of statements, resulting in eight key recommendations covering goals, selection, training, mental health professional involvement, peer supporter roles, access, support, and program evaluation.

Peer Support

Citation

Creamer, M. C., Varker, T., Bisson, J., Darte, K., Greenberg, N., Lau, W., Moreton, G., O'Donnell, M., Richardson, D., Ruzek, J., Watson, P., & Forbes, D. (2012). Guidelines for peer support in high-risk organizations: An international consensus study using the Delphi method. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21685

2012

Suicide, Culture, and Society from a Cross-National Perspective

This cross-national study examined associations between suicide rates and sociocultural indexes across 87 nations, testing Durkheim's sociological theory using modern data. Strong positive correlations were found between suicide rates and secularization measures, with curvilinear relationships between individualization and suicide rates. In posttraditional societies, negative associations emerged between individualization measures and suicide rates. Following postmodernization and reflexive modernization theories, the authors argue a new form of individualization in secular-rational societies—characterized by prosocial orientation and social participation—exerts protective effects on suicide rates through enhanced social integration and regulation.

Social DeterminantsTheory & Models

Citation

Lenzi, M., Colucci, E., & Minas, H. (2012). Suicide, culture, and society from a cross-national perspective. Cross-Cultural Research, 46(1), 50–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111424036

2012

Preventing Suicide Through Improved Training in Suicide Risk Assessment and Care: An American Association of Suicidology Task Force Report Addressing Serious Gaps in U.S. Mental Health Training

The 2012 Schmitz et al. task force report found that suicides outnumbered homicides 2:1 in the U.S., with rates rising 12% from 1999-2009 (36,909 deaths in 2009). Despite mental health professionals frequently treating suicidal patients, only 40-50% of graduate psychology programs provided formal suicide risk assessment training. The report made six recommendations to address these serious training gaps, emphasizing the urgent need for improved education in suicide assessment and management across mental health professions.

Clinical TrainingLegal & PolicyScreening & Assessment

Citation

Schmitz, W., Allen, M., Feldman, B., Gutin, N., Jahn, D., Kleepsies, P., Quinnett, P. & Simpson, S. (2012). Preventing Suicide Through Improved Training in Suicide Risk Assessment and Care: An American Association of Suicidology Task Force Report Addressing Serious Gaps in U.S. Mental Health Training. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, (42): 292-304.

2012

Safety Planning Intervention: A Brief Intervention to Mitigate Suicide Risk

Describes Safety Planning Intervention - prioritized written list of coping strategies and support sources for suicidal crises. Six elements: warning signs, internal coping, social contacts for distraction, family/friends who help, professionals to contact, means restriction. For emergency/clinical settings.

Crisis ResponseMeans RestrictionTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Stanley, B., & Brown, G. K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: A brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 256-264.

2012

Means restriction for suicide prevention

This review highlights means restriction—limiting access to lethal methods like firearms, pesticides, or jump sites—as an effective public health strategy for suicide prevention. It notes that while some individuals may substitute methods, this is not always the case, and alternative methods are often less lethal.

Means Restriction

Citation

Yip, P. S. F., Caine, E., Yousuf, S., Chang, S.-S., Wu, K. C.-C., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2012). Means restriction for suicide prevention. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2393-2399. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60520-X

2011

Building a therapeutic alliance with the suicidal patient

Theraputic relationship with the suicidal client

Clinical TrainingTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Michel, K., & Jobes, D. A. (Eds.). (2011). Building a therapeutic alliance with the suicidal patient. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12303-000

2011

The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults

The validation study for the C-SSRS, the suicide risk scale now used across clinical and research settings. Across three studies — adolescent attempters, depressed adolescents in a medication trial, and adults in a psychiatric emergency department — the scale tracked change over time and separated suicidal behaviour from other presentations with high sensitivity and specificity. Worst-point lifetime ideation predicted attempts during the adolescent study where a comparison scale did not, and those reporting intent, or intent with a plan, at baseline went on to attempt at higher rates.

Screening & AssessmentYouth & AdolescentsAuto-summarized

Citation

Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. The American journal of psychiatry, 168(12), 1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704

2010

The cultural theory and model of suicide

This article analyzes literature to synthesize four factors—cultural sanctions, idioms of distress, minority stress, and social discord—that account for 95% of existing culturally specific suicide risk data.

LGBTQ+Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesTheory & Models

Citation

Chu, J. P., Goldblum, P., Floyd, R., & Bongar, B. (2010). The cultural theory and model of suicide. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 14, 25-40.

2010

The interpersonal theory of suicide.

Theory: Suicide occurs when 3 factors combine: (1) thwarted belongingness, (2) perceived burdensomeness, (3) acquired capability for self-harm. Key Stats: Only 0.01% of Americans die by suicide annually. Studies with clinical outpatients and young adults in crisis validated the theory - all 3 components together predicted suicide attempts beyond traditional risk factors like depression. 65% female sample in validation studies.

Theory & Models

Citation

Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117, 575-600.

2009

Main Predictions of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior: Empirical Tests in Two Samples of Young Adults

This study tested the core predictions of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior across two samples of young adults. The theory proposes that suicide occurs when individuals experience both suicidal desire (from thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) and acquired capability for suicide. Key Findings: Sample composition: Ethnically diverse community sample of young adults Primary finding: Young adults with low levels of both family support (indicating thwarted belongingness) and low mattering to others (indicating perceived burdensomeness) demonstrated the most severe levels of suicidal ideation Statistical significance: The interaction effect remained significant even when controlling for both 6-month and lifetime histories of depression, indicating that interpersonal variables predicted suicidal desire above and beyond depression Theoretical support: Results supported the theory's prediction that the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness creates elevated risk for suicidal desire Clinical implications: The study demonstrated that when people experience both interpersonal states simultaneously, their risk for developing suicidal desire increases beyond what would be expected from depression alone

Theory & ModelsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Joiner, T. E., Jr., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribeiro, J. D., & Lewis, R. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 634-646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016500

2008

Review of general bereavement support and specific services available following suicide bereavement

This 2008 report by Petrus Consulting reviewed bereavement support services in Ireland, especially for people who lost someone to suicide. The study found it was hard to locate up-to-date information about available bereavement services. The report helped Ireland's National Office for Suicide Prevention understand what support services existed and what was needed. It showed that families bereaved by suicide need special help and support during their grief, which is different from other types of loss.

Clinical TrainingLegal & PolicyPostvention & Loss

Citation

Bates, U., Jordan, N., Malone, K., Monahan, E., O'Connor, S., & Tiernan, E. (2008). Review of general bereavement support and specific services available following suicide bereavement. Petrus Consulting. Dublin: National Office for Suicide Prevention.

2008

Core Competencies in Suicide Risk Assessment and Management: Implications for Supervision

This article reviews core competencies for suicide risk assessment and management and their implications for the supervision of trainees. It provides a framework for clinical supervision to facilitate skill development.

Clinical TrainingScreening & Assessment

Citation

Rudd, M. D., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Bryan, C. J. (2008). Core competencies in suicide risk assessment and management: Implications for supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(4), 219–228.

2008

Suicidal Desire and the Capability for Suicide: Tests of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Among Adults

This study tests Joiner's interpersonal-psychological theory across three studies, demonstrating that suicidal desire emerges from the interaction of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, while acquired capability develops through exposure to painful/provocative experiences including past suicide attempts. Results confirm that both desire and capability must be present for serious suicidal risk.

Theory & Models

Citation

Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72

2007

Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence

A worldwide team of experts reviewed studies and identified five essential principles for helping trauma survivors. Helpers should promote: 1) safety, 2) calming, 3) self-confidence and community strength, 4) social connections, and 5) hope. These evidence-based guidelines help first responders and mental health workers provide better care during the immediate and mid-term recovery periods following traumatic events.

Crisis ResponseTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., & Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70(4), 283-315.

2007

Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: A revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors—Part I: Background, rationale, and methodology.

Researchers created clear definitions about suicide and suicidality that can be used across disciplines. They organized suicide-related actions into three groups: thoughts, talking about it, and actually doing something harmful. The paper created exact definitions for suicide attempts (when someone tries to kill themselves but survives) and suicide (when someone dies). This gave doctors, researchers, and helpers a common language so they could better understand and help people who are struggling with thoughts of suicide.

Clinical TrainingScreening & AssessmentSelf-Harm

Citation

Silverman, M. M., Berman, A. L., Sanddal, N. D., O'Carroll, P. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2007a). Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: A revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors—Part I: Background, rationale, and methodology. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 248-263.

2006Book

Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Suicidal Behavior

This is a book

Screening & AssessmentTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Jacobs, D. G. (2006). Assessment, treatment, and prevention of suicidal behavior [Book review]. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1536. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.10.1536

2005

Postcards from the EDge project: randomised controlled trial of an intervention using postcards to reduce repetition of hospital treated deliberate self poisoning

A randomized controlled trial with 772 patients showed that a non-obligatory intervention using eight postcards over 12 months did not significantly reduce repeat episodes of deliberate self-poisoning in the first year (15.1% in intervention group vs. 15.6% in control group).

Crisis ResponseSelf-HarmTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Carter, G. L., Clover, K., Whyte, I. M., Dawson, A. H., & D'Este, C. (2005). Postcards from the EDge project: randomised controlled trial of an intervention using postcards to reduce repetition of hospital treated deliberate self poisoning. BMJ, 331(7513), 395-395. doi:10.1136/bmj.38579.455266.E0

2003

Early start to suicide prevention: Children's Programme shows promissing results

Zippy's Friends is a school-based mental health promotion program for 6-7 year-olds teaching coping skills through stories about a stick insect character. Evaluated in Denmark and Lithuania with over 10,000 children, studies showed improvements in social skills, coping strategies, and problem behaviors maintained one year post-intervention, with international expansion underway.

School-BasedTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Bale, C. (2003). Early start to suicide prevention: Children's programme shows promising results. Suicidologi, 8(2), 16-18.

A direct link is not yet available.

2003

Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 year

A decade of research on youth suicide risk and preventive interventions is critically reviewed through a systematic search of PsycINFO, Medline, and education databases. PubMed Psychiatric disorders — particularly depression, conduct disorder, and substance use — are identified as the most common factors in completed suicides, ResearchGate and school-based screening is supported as a promising prevention approach.

Youth & Adolescents

Citation

Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., Velting, D. M., & Shaffer, D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(4), 386–405.

A direct link is not yet available.

2002

Integrating Peer-Provided Services: A Quasi-experimental Study of Recovery Orientation, Confidence, and Empowerment

A quasi-experimental study that compared the effectiveness of a peer education and support program, Vet-to-Vet, with standard care. Participants in the Vet-to-Vet program scored significantly higher on measures of empowerment.

Military & VeteransPeer Support

Citation

Resnick, S. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2002-2006). Integrating Peer-Provided Services: A Quasi-experimental Study of Recovery Orientation, Confidence, and Empowerment. Psychiatric Services.

A direct link is not yet available.

2002Book

The Suicidal Patient: Clinical and Legal Standards of Care, 2nd ed

This book will serve as a first line of defense for the clinician. It provides information which, appropriately applied, can forestall most problems that can arise when a suicidal patient appears in a clinician's practice or in the hospital. The goal is to help the clinician treat a suicidal patient in a reasonable, sound practice with sophisticated management behaviors to optimize clinical care.

Clinical TrainingLegal & PolicyScreening & AssessmentTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Bongar, B. (2002). The suicidal patient: Clinical and legal standards of care (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10424-000

2001

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Postcrisis Suicide Prevention

Caring letters: people who have been hospitalized for suicide or depression in the past had lower suicide rates when they receive personalized follow up letters four times a year. A study of 843 patients found that a systematic program of contact with at-risk individuals who refuse health care can have a significant preventive influence on suicide for up to two years.

Crisis ResponseTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Motto, J. A., & Bostrom, A. G. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention. Psychiatric Services, 52(6), 828-833.

2001

Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters

This population-based case-control study examined impulsive suicide attempts among 153 young people (ages 13-34) who survived nearly lethal attempts. Twenty-four percent reported less than 5 minutes between deciding and attempting. Impulsive attempters were more likely to have been in physical fights, were less depressed, and used violent methods. Findings suggest inadequate control of aggressive impulses may better predict impulsive attempts than depression.

Youth & Adolescents

Citation

Simon, T. R., Swann, A. C., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Kresnow, M., & O'Carroll, P. W. (2001). Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32(Suppl.), 49–59.

A direct link is not yet available.

1999

Suicidal Ideation at its worst point: A predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients.

This 1999 study by Beck and colleagues looked at over 3,700 patients receiving mental health treatment. They measured patients' suicidal thoughts at their current visit and also asked about the worst point in their life when they had suicidal thoughts. Thirty patients eventually died by suicide within about 4 years. The study found that asking about suicide thoughts at their worst point was much better at predicting who would die by suicide than asking about current thoughts. This helps doctors identify high-risk patients who need extra support.

Clinical TrainingScreening & Assessment

Citation

Beck, A.T., Brown, G.K., Steer, R., Dahlsgaard, M.A., and Grisham, B.A. (1999). Suicidal Ideation at its worst point: A predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 29(1): 1-9.

1999

Methods of adolescent suicide prevention

Systematic, direct screening is identified as the most effective method of adolescent suicide prevention, given its high potential for institutionalization in real-world settings. Clinical predictors of adolescent suicide are reviewed, several prevention strategies are evaluated and critiqued, and targeted screening is positioned as preferable to universal awareness-based curriculum programs for identifying at-risk youth.

Screening & AssessmentYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Shaffer, D., & Craft, L. (1999). Methods of adolescent suicide prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(Suppl. 2), 70–74.

A direct link is not yet available.

1998

Definition of suicidePerspectives on suicidology: Further reflections on suicide and psychache.

Introduced "psychache" - an unbearable psychological and emotional pain - as the central cause of suicide. He argued suicide results from basic psychological needs that have been thwarted, ranging from affiliation to shame avoidance to order and understanding. Unlike sociological theories focusing on social forces, Shneidman emphasized individual psychological factors. His theory proposed that when psychache becomes intolerable due to unmet needs, suicide becomes seen as the only escape from overwhelming mental anguish.

Theory & Models

Citation

Shneidman, E. S. (1998). Perspectives on suicidology: Further reflections on suicide and psychache. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28, 245-250.

1996

The Impact of Adolescent Suicide on Siblings and Parents: A Longitudinal Follow-Up

Followed parents and siblings of adolescents who died by suicide for up to three years, against a control group. Siblings carried elevated grief for a prolonged period but were not at increased risk of depression, PTSD or other disorders over the follow-up. Mothers showed an increased rate of recurrent depression; fathers did not differ from the comparison group.

Postvention & LossYouth & AdolescentsAuto-summarized

Citation

Brent, D.A., Moritz, G., Bridge, J., Perper, J. and Canobbio, R. (1996), The Impact of Adolescent Suicide on Siblings and Parents: A Longitudinal Follow-Up. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 26: 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.1996.tb00610.x

1990

Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with psychiatric outpatients

Researchers studied 1,958 mental health patients for 10 years to see if hopelessness could predict suicide. 17 people died by suicide during the study. Using the Beck Hopelessness Scale, they found that people who felt more hopeless were more likely to die by suicide later. This important study showed that hopelessness is a key warning sign that helps doctors identify people at risk for suicide.

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Berchick, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 190-195.

1985

Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation

Scientists followed 207 patients who had been in the hospital because they had thoughts of suicide. They used the Beck Hopelessness Scale to measure how hopeless each person felt. After 10 years, 11 patients had died by suicide. The study found that people who felt more hopeless at the start were much more likely to die by suicide later. This groundbreaking study was the first to prove that hopelessness strongly predicts suicide risk in hospitalized patients.

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 559-563.

1983

Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: the reasons for living inventory

The Reasons for Living Scale (RFL) is a 48-item self-report measure designed to assess reasons individuals have for not committing suicide. The scale uses a 6-point Likert scale (1 = Not At All Important to 6 = Extremely Important) and includes items across several domains: survival and coping beliefs, responsibility to family, child-related concerns, fear of suicide, fear of social disapproval, and moral objections. The RFL was developed as a protective factor assessment tool, providing clinicians with insight into what might keep individuals safe during suicidal crises.

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for Living Inventory: A survival kit for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In P. A. Keller & L. G. Ritt (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice (Vol. 2, pp. 259-264). Professional Resource Exchange.

1980

Impulsive Suicidal Behavior

This study examined impulsive versus non-impulsive suicide attempts in 350 patients, defining impulsive as less than 5 minutes' premeditation. Forty percent acted impulsively. Impulsive attempters were less depressed, motivated by tension reduction, more likely to expect survival, and more often observed by others during the act. Prevention should address dangerous drug availability.

Crisis ResponseMeans Restriction

Citation

Williams, C. L., Davidson, J. A., & Montgomery, I. (1980). Impulsive suicidal behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(1), 90–94.

A direct link is not yet available.

1974

Countertransference hate in the treatment of suicidal patients

managing reactions of the therapist

Clinical TrainingTreatment & Intervention

Citation

Maltsberger, J. T., & Buie, D. H. (1974). Countertransference hate in the treatment of suicidal patients. Archives of general psychiatry, 30(5), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760110049005

1897

Suicide: A study in sociology

Analyzed suicide as a social phenomenon rather than individual pathology. He identified four types based on social integration and regulation: egoistic (too little integration), altruistic (excessive integration), anomic (lack of regulation/moral guidance), and fatalistic (over-regulation). His theory shows suicide rates reflect society's structure - communities with balanced social bonds protect members, while extremes of isolation or over-control increase suicide risk.

Social DeterminantsTheory & Models

Citation

Durkheim, E. (1897/1951). Suicide: A study in sociology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

n.d.

2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Releases

The 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health collected information from Americans ages 12 and older about substance use and mental health. The survey found that 15% of people used marijuana in the past month, and 42.3 million people used it. Young adults ages 18-25 had the highest rates of use. The survey also looked at cigarette smoking, vaping, alcohol use, and mental health problems. The data helps researchers and leaders understand drug use patterns and create better prevention programs across the country.

Clinical TrainingCo-occurring ConditionsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Releases. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2022-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases.

n.d.

2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health

The Trevor Project surveyed almost 34,000 LGBTQ young people ages 13-24 in 2022. The results showed that 45% of LGBTQ youth seriously thought about suicide in the past year, and 14% attempted it. Many experienced bullying and discrimination. The survey found that 40% of LGBTQ youth who wanted mental health help couldn't get it. Common reasons included being scared to talk about their feelings, needing parent permission, and not being able to afford care. The research helps show what support LGBTQ young people need.

Clinical TrainingLGBTQ+Social DeterminantsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health. The Trevor Project. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2023, from https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2022.

n.d.

Warning signs of acute suicide risk

The American Association of Suicidology created warning signs to help people recognize when someone might be thinking about suicide. Important signs include talking about wanting to die, looking for ways to harm oneself, feeling hopeless or trapped, and withdrawing from friends and family. Other warnings are giving away belongings, dramatic mood changes, increased drug or alcohol use, and acting recklessly. If you notice these signs in someone, it's important to take them seriously and get help right away.

Clinical TrainingCrisis Response

Citation

American Association of Suicidology. (n.d.). Warning signs of acute suicide risk. Suicidology.org. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from Suicidology.org https://suicidology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Warning-Signs-Flyer.pdf.

n.d.

What Works for Adolescent Black Males at Risk of Suicide: A Review

Summary not yet written.

Racial & Ethnic DisparitiesTreatment & InterventionYouth & Adolescents

Citation

A direct link is not yet available.

n.d.

Correlates and consequences of suicidal cognitions and behaviors in children ages 3 to 7 years

In a longitudinal study of 306 children, 11% exhibited suicidal ideation/behaviors between ages 3-7, with 73% continuing into school-age. Early childhood SI was significantly associated with concurrent ADHD (OR=2.68) and ODD/CD (OR=2.83), and predicted school-age SI (OR=3.62) even after controlling for psychiatric disorders.

Co-occurring ConditionsYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Whalen DJ, Dixon-Gordon K, Belden AC, Barch D, Luby JL. Correlates and consequences of suicidal cognitions and behaviors in children ages 3 to 7 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:926–937.e2.

A direct link is not yet available.

n.d.

Self-directed violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements

The language of suicide

Contagion & MediaLegal & PolicySelf-Harm

Citation

Crosby AE, Ortega L, Melanson C. Self-directed violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.

A direct link is not yet available.

n.d.Book

BookBook cover for Rethinking Suicide: Why Prevention Fails, and How We Can Do Better Rethinking Suicide: Why Prevention Fails, and How We Can Do Better

This is a book

Means Restriction

Citation

A direct link is not yet available.

n.d.Book

Managing Sudden Traumatic Loss in the Schools

Summary not yet written.

Postvention & LossSchool-BasedYouth & Adolescents

Citation

Maureen Mullin Underwood and Karen Dunne-Maxim

A direct link is not yet available.

n.d.

Suicide Assessment: An Overview and Recommended Protocol

Summary not yet written.

Screening & Assessment

Citation

Douglas G. Jacobs, Margaret Brewer, and Marci Klein-Benheim, The Harvard Medical School Guide to Suicide Assessment and Intervention 1999

A direct link is not yet available.